Epifluorescence microscopes are used to generate fluorescence intensity images in several biology applications. A proposed new ASTM International standard will provide guidance on how to set up an experiment that uses an epifluorescence microscope to ensure that the imaging measurements are quantitative. The proposed standard will also provide guidance on how to use benchmarks to allow comparisons of measurements that are taken on different days with the same or similar microscopes.

The proposed new standard, WK33434, Guide for Performing Quantitative Fluorescence Intensity Measurements in Cell-Based Assays with Epifluorescence Microscopy, is under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee F04.46 on Cell Signaling, part of ASTM International Committee F04 on Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices.

“Fluorescence imaging with epifluorescence microscopy is routinely used to quantify relative concentrations and the spatial location of molecules and protein in biological samples such as cells,” says John Elliot, research scientist, Biochemical Science division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and a co-chair of F04.46. “To use this technique reliably, it is critical that the optical and imaging components of the system are sufficient to generate quantitative fluorescence images. We initiated WK33434 to provide important guidance tips for ensuring fluorescence imaging measurements of biological samples are quantitative and can be compared to one another.”  

Elliott notes that F04.46 actively seeks participation in its standards development activity.

“We would be interested in participation from microscopy instrument manufacturers, fluorescence microscopy users, image analysis software developers, cell biologists, material scientists and scientists involved in standards development for fluorescence microscopy,” says Elliot.

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A proposed new standard on determining the total amount of fluorine and chlorine in coal and coke will be useful to those working with power plant boilers as well as by those in government and industry who are trying to model the release of anions into the environment.

The proposed new standard, ASTM WK33343, Test Method for Total Fluorine and Chlorine in Coal, Coke and their Residues by Oxidative Pyrohydrolytic Combustion Followed by Ion Chromatography Detection (Combustion Ion Chromatography-CIC), is being developed by Subcommittee D05.29 on Major Elements in Ash and Trace Elements of Coal, part of ASTM International Committee D05 on Coal and Coke.

“Total chlorine is important in the evaluation of deposition and corrosion issues in engineering processes,” says John Bullock, quality manager, SGS Minerals Services, and a D05.29 member. “Total fluorine is useful in the evaluation of potential fluorine emissions from coal combustion or conversion processes.”

Bullock says that participation from interested parties is welcome in the ongoing development of ASTM WK33343. An interlaboratory study is currently under way and D05.29 would be particularly interested in hearing from laboratories that test for fluorine by ASTM D3761, Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal by the Oxygen Bomb Combustion/Ion Selective Electrode Method, or ASTM D5987, Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal and Coke by Pyrohydrolytic Extraction and Ion Selective Electrode or Ion Chromatograph Methods; and/or chlorine by ASTM D4208, Test Method for Total Chlorine in Coal by the Oxygen Bomb Combustion/Ion Selective Electrode Method.

“Having a side-by-side comparison of samples analyzed between these standards and the proposed new standard would be particularly helpful,” says Bullock.

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Piston ring/liner interface can contribute as much as half the total friction loss in internal combustion engines, with the resulting wear leading to reduced energy efficiency and raised emissions. A new ASTM International standard provides a method to more accurately measure small amounts of wear on curved piston ring segments and their counterfaces after lubricated bench-scale testing.

“Coupled with advanced computer simulations, bench-scale testing has become a key tool in the development of new fuel-efficient engine components,” says Peter J. Blau, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and a past chairman of Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion.

The new standard, ASTM G206, Guide for Measuring the Wear Volumes of Piston Ring Segments Run Against Flat Coupons in Reciprocating Wear Tests, was developed by Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-Abrasive Wear.

According to Blau, ASTM G206 was developed to complement ASTM G181, Test Method for Conducting Friction Tests of Piston Ring and Cylinder Liner Materials Under Lubricated Conditions.

“Full-scale engine tests for new materials, coatings or lubricant formulations can be prohibitively expensive given the number of material choices and the need to establish the repeatability of results,” says Blau. “Therefore, cost-effective bench-top tests can be used to prescreen candidate materials and lubricants prior to full-scale engine trials. With advances in wear-resistant materials, the precise measurement of small amounts of wear in bench-scale tests become essential to enable differentiation between competing coatings or surface engineering processes.”

Primary users of ASTM G206 will include diesel and automotive internal combustion engine designers and builders; developers of lubricants and additives; and researchers interested in surface engineering for improved friction and wear performance.

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Any of us can find some packages or packaged products tricky to open. Such difficulties can be worse for the elderly, or people with disabilities. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is contributing to a solution in the form of a standard for designing packaging that is easier to use for the elderly, the people with disabilities – and the rest of us.

ISO 11156:2011, Packaging – Accessible design – General requirements, provides a framework for packaging design that takes into account the varying physical and sensory capabilities of users to ensure that it can be used not only by people with visual, hearing, motor or cognitive disabilities, but also by the elderly, the temporarily disabled – and by those with no disability at all.

The standard complies with ISO/TR 22411:2008 and ISO/IEC Guide 71:2001, aimed mainly at designers and evaluators working in the field of standardization. It can also be used by manufacturers, laboratories, service providers, educators and others.

Each of the standard's design considerations or recommendations is based on ergonomic principles necessary for increasing accessibility in designing packages and packaged products, encountered in all aspects of the packaging such as information, identification, handling, opening, removal of contents, storage, separation and disposal.

The accessible design of packages is a worldwide concern because it allows everybody to use them safety, comfortably, and with satisfaction, irrespective of age, perceptual and cognitive ability, level of physical functioning, language and culture. The issue of accessibility has become more important with the increasing percentage of older persons in the world’s population and the high prevalence of disability or limitations in this demographic group as expressed in the UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities.

Dr. Ken Sagawa, Convenor of the working group that developed the standard comments: “Around the globe packaged products are used by increasingly older individuals. What’s more, globalization results in the circulation of packages across borders, causing problems due to differences in language and culture.

“This standard, and some related standards to follow, will help a greater number of individuals to use packaged products without the restrictions often imposed by age or disability or national differences. The economic benefit is that products developed using accessible design will be able to be purchased by a wider range of people, including older persons and those with disabilities, who are now a significant proportion of consumers with potential buying power.”

ISO 11156:2011, Packaging – Accessible design – General requirements,, was developed by ISO technical committee ISO/TC 122, Packaging, working group WG 9, Accessible design for packaging .

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